Stacking gel ¿ø¸® & Separating gel ¿ø¸®
Stacking gelÀº loading µÈ sampleµéÀ» ÇÑ ÁÙ·Î Á¤·ÄÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â gelÀÌ´Ù. Áï, Ãâ¹ß¼±À» ¸ÂÃß¾î ÁØ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. º¸Åë 4%ÀÇ ³·Àº ³óµµ·Î ¸¸µé°Ô µÇ¸ç pH°¡ 6.8·Î sperating gel (pH8.8) ¿¡ ºñÇØ ³·´Ù. ÀÌ pH°¡ ´Ü¹éÁúÀ» Á¤·ÄÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â °áÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¿äÀÎÀÌ´Ù. pH°¡ 6.8¿¡¼´Â °¢ ¹°ÁúµéÀÇ À̵¿ ¼Óµµ°¡ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.
Cl– > protein > Glycine (PI=6.2)
Áï, ´Ü¹éÁúÀÇ À̵¿ ¼Óµµ°¡ ¿°¼Ò À̿°ú glycine »çÀÌ¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¹Ç·Î ´Ü¹éÁúµéÀÌ ÀÏÁ÷¼±À¸·Î Á¤·ÄµÇ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, ÀÌ ¹°ÁúµéÀÌ pH°¡ 8.8ÀÎ saperating gel¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸é À̵¿ ¼Óµµ°¡ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ º¯ÈµÈ´Ù.
Cl– > Glycine(PI=6.2) > Protein
±×·¯¹Ç·Î, sperating gel¿¡¼´Â ´Ü¹éÁúÀÇ sizeº°·Î ºÐ·ù°¡ °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
4. Transfer (Membrane) ¿ø¸®
ÀÌ·¸°Ô ºÐ·ù°¡ µÈ ´Ü¹éÁúµéÀº blotting membraneÀ¸·Î transfer ½ÃÄÑÁØ´Ù. Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) ¿Í nitrocellulose (NC) membraneÀÌ ÁÖ·Î »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù. °¢ membrane º° Ư¼ºÀº ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ Ç¥¿Í °°´Ù.
|
Binding capacity |
Sensitivity |
Background noise |
PVDF membrane |
170 ~ 200 ¥ìg/cm2 |
High |
High |
NC membrane |
80 ~ 100 ¥ìg/cm2 |
Low |
Low |
PVDF membrane¿¡ ´Ü¹éÁúµéÀÌ ´õ Àß ´Þ¶óºÙÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ÀûÀº ¾çÀÇ ´Ü¹éÁúÀ» °ËÃâÇϱ⿡´Â PVDF membraneÀÌ ´õ ÁÁ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×¸¸Å ¹Î°¨µµ°¡ ³ô±â ¶§¹®¿¡ background°¡ ÁöÀúºÐÇÏ´Ù. NC membraneÀº ¹Ý´ë¶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. ´Ü¹éÁúµéÀÌ ´Þ¶óºÙ´Â ´É·ÂÀº Á» ¶³¾îÁö´õ¶óµµ background°¡ ±ú²ýÇÏ´Ù´Â ÀåÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
MembraneÀÇ pore sizeµµ °í·Á ÇØ¾ß Çϴµ¥ º¸Åë 0.1, 0.2 or 0.45¥ìmÀÌ ¾²ÀδÙ. 0.45¥ìm¸¦ ÀϹÝÀûÀ» »ç¿ëÇϸç 15KD±îÁö´Â »ç¿ëÇصµ ¹«¹æÇÏ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±× º¸´Ù ÀÛÀº »çÀÌÁîÀÇ ´Ü¹éÁúÀ» detectionÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù¸é pore size¸¦ ´õ ÀÛÀº °ÍÀ» »ç¿ë ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù.
5. Western blot blocking ¿ø¸®
BlockingÀº non-specific binding Áï, ºñ ƯÀÌÀûÀÎ °áÇÕÀ» ÁÙÀ̱â À§Çؼ ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â stepÀÌ´Ù. Blocking¿¡´Â ÁÖ·Î BSA³ª Skim milk°¡ ÁÖ·Î »ç¿ëµÇ¸ç ÀÌ´Â membraneÀÇ ºó °ø°£ µîÀ» blocking ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ºñ ƯÀÌÀûÀÎ ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ÁÙ¿© ¿øÇÏ´Â target¿¡ Ç×ü°¡ ´õ Àß ºÙ°Ô ÇÏ´Â È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
6. Detection ¿ø¸®
´Ü¹éÁúÀ» ÀÌ membraneµé·Î transferÇØ ÁØ µÚ¿¡ °ËÃâÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ´Ü¹éÁúÀÇ primary antibody¸¦ ºÙ¿©ÁØ´Ù. ±× ÈÄ¿¡ ºñ ƯÀÌÀûÀÎ ¹ÝÀÀÀ» Á¦°ÅÇϱâ À§Çؼ wahsingÀ» ÇØÁØ µÚ secondary antibody¸¦ ºÙ¿©ÁØ´Ù. Secondary antibody¿¡´Â Horseradish Peroxidas (HRP)°¡ ºÙ¾îÀֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ substrate·Î ³Ö¾îÁÖ¾úÀ» ¶§ ºûÀ» ¹ß»êÇÏ°Ô µÇ°í À̸¦ filmÀ̳ª ±â°è·Î detection ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Western blot protocolÀº Å©°Ô Sample preparation, Gel running, Transfer, Blocking, Antibody incubation, DetectionÀÌ·¸°Ô 6°¡Áö·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. °¢°¢ stepº°·Î ½ÇÇè¹æ¹ý°ú ÁÖÀÇ»çÇ×À» ¾Ë¾Æº¸°Ú´Ù.
1. Sample Preparation
- Culture dish¿¡¼ Cell harvestÇÏ¿© EP tube·Î ¿Å±ä ÈÄ PBS¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© washing ÇÏ¿© cell pelletÀ» ¾ò´Â´Ù.
- Cell pelletÀ» RIPA buffer·Î lysis ÇÑ´Ù. BufferÀÇ ¾çÀº cellÀÇ ¾ç°ú Á¾·ù¿¡ µû¶ó ´Ù¸£Áö¸¸ ´ë·« 1 X 106 °³ÀÇ cell¿¡ ¾à 100µlÀÇ lysis buffer¸¦ ³Ö´Â´Ù. pipetÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© Àß ¼¯¾îÁØ µÚ °¡º±°Ô voltexingÇÏ¿© Ice¿¡¼ 15~30min °¡·® incubation ½ÃŲ´Ù.
- ¿ø½É ºÐ¸®ÇÏ¿© cell debris¸¦ °¡¶ó¾ÉÈù´Ù. (14,000 rpm (16,000xg), 15 min, 4¡ÆC)
- »óÃþ¾×¸¸ »õ Æ©ºê·Î ¿Å±ä´Ù.
- Sample buffer¿Í Àß ¼¯Àº µÚ 5min Á¤µµ ²ú´Â ¹°¿¡ ÁßÅÁ ¶Ç´Â heat blockÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© °¡¿ÇÑ´Ù. ice ¿¡¼ 5ºÐ °£ ½ÄÈù µÚ spin down ÇÏ¿© ¾×ȵǾî Ç¥¸é¿¡ ¸ÎÈù ¾×üµéÀ» ¸ð¾ÆÁØ´Ù.
2. SDS-PAGE (gel running)
- SampleÀÌ ÁغñµÇ´Â µ¿¾È gelÀ» pre-running ÇØÁØ´Ù (10 min).
- pre-runningÇÑ gel ¿¡ sampleÀ» loading ÇÑ´Ù. GelÀ» Á÷Á¢ ¸¸µé¾î stacking gelÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â 100 V ·Î stacking gel ±îÁö ³»·ÁÁØ ÈÄ 200V·Î ¿Ã·Á sperating gel¿¡¼ »ùÇÃÀ» runningÇÑ´Ù (GelÀ» ±¸¸ÅÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì Á¦Á¶»çÀÇ instructionÀ» µû¸£¸é µÈ´Ù.)
- È®ÀÎÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ´Ü¹éÁúÀÇ Å©±â¿¡ µû¶ó¼ gelÀÇ %¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. Àý´ëÀûÀÎ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï³ª ´ÙÀ½À» Âü°íÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. (4-5% gel, > 200 kD; 7.5% gel, 120-200 kD; 8-10% gel, 40-120 kD; 13% gel, 15-40 kD; 15% gel, < 20 kD)
3. Transfer
Transfer´Â ¾î¶² Á¦Á¶»çÀÇ Á¦Ç°À» »ç¿ë ÇÏ´À³Ä¿¡ µû¶ó¼ Ä«¼¼Æ®ÀÇ Á¶¸³ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ´Ù¸£´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ °øÅëÀûÀÎ °ÍÀº Àü·ù´Â (-) ¿¡¼ (+) ·Î È帣¸ç, samplingÀÌ ³¡³ ´Ü¹éÁúÀº SDS¿¡ ÀÇÇØ coatingµÇ¾î À½ÀüÇϸ¦ ¶ç°í ÀÖ´Ù. Áï (-)¿¡¼ (+) ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î À̵¿ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, (-) ÂÊ¿¡ GelÀÌ (+)¿¡ membraneÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸é µÈ´Ù. Transfer time ¿ª½Ã ¾î´À Á¦Á¶»çÀÇ transfer tank¸¦ »ç¿ë ÇÏ´ÂÁö¿¡ µû¶ó¼ ±× ½Ã°£°ú Á¶°ÇÀÌ ´Ù¸£´Ù. Á¦Á¶»çÀÇ instructionÀ» µû¸£´Â °ÍÀ» ÃßõÇÑ´Ù. ´Ù¸¸ transfer¿¡¼´Â ¿ÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇϹǷΠcold roomÀ̳ª tank¸¦ ice¾È¿¡ ³Ö°í ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÃßõÇÑ´Ù. Transfer buffer ¿ª½Ã ¹Ì¸® Â÷°©°Ô ÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù.
¸¹ÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â transfer module maunal
4. Membrane Blocking
3~5%ÀÇ BSA³ª skim milk¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. TBST¿¡ ³ì¿© »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. MembraneÀÌ Àá±æ Á¤µµ¸é ÃæºÐÇÏ¸ç »ó¿Â¿¡¼ 1 h Á¤µµ aggitation Çϸç blockingÇÑ´Ù.
5. Primary Antibody Incubation
AntibodyÀÇ dilutionÀº ¾î¶² antibody¸¦ »ç¿ë ÇÏ´À³Ä¿¡ µû¶ó¼ ´Ù¸£´Ù. Á¦Á¶»çÀÇ instructionÀ» µû¸£´Â °ÍÀ» ÃßõÇÑ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ antibodyÀÇ °æ¿ì ¿ö³« °í°¡À̹ǷΠÁ» ´õ dilutionÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëÇϱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù. Skim milk¸¦ TBST¿¡ ³ìÀÎ buffer¿¡ antibody¸¦ dilutionÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù. ¸¸¾à Àç »ç¿ëÀ» ÇÒ °èȹÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù¸é skim milk´Â »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁÀ¸¸ç sodium azide¸¦ Ãß°¡ÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù. ´Ù¸¸ sodium azide¸¦ Ãß°¡ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì antibodyÀÇ È°¼ºÀÌ °¨¼ÒÇÏ´Â °æ¿ìµµ ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ÁÖÀÇÇÑ´Ù. 4¡ÆC ¿¡¼ aggitation ÇÏ¸é¼ overnightÀ¸·Î ¹ÝÀÀ½ÃŲ´Ù.
6. Washing & Secondary antibody incubation
- 10ºÐ¾¿ 3~5ȸÁ¤µµ TBST·Î washingÇÑ´Ù.
- WashingÀÌ ³¡³ µÚ secondary antibody¸¦ dilution ÇÏ¿© »ó¿Â¿¡¼ 1 ~ 2 h Á¤µµ ¹ÝÀÀ½ÃŲ´Ù.
- ¹ÝÀÀÀÌ ³¡³ µÚ TBST·Î 10 ºÐ¾¿ 3~5ȸ Á¤µµ washing ÇÑ ÈÄ detection ÇÑ´Ù.
Western blot buffer¿¡ ´ëÇؼ ¾Ë¾Æº¸µµ·Ï ÇÏ°Ú´Ù. ÇÊ¿äÇÑ bufferµéÀÇ Á¾·ù¿¡´Â lysis buffer, sample loading buffer, running buffer, transfer buffer, blocking buffer, washing buffer µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
1. Lysis buffer
ionic detergentÀÎ sodium deoxycholate (SDC)°¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ°í ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î western blot¿¡¼ ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â bufferÀÌ´Ù. °ÇÑ detergentÀÎ SDS¿Í SDC°¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ¾î ÇÙ±îÁöµµ ¸ðµÎ lysisÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀûÀº background¸¦ °®´Â´Ù´Â ÀåÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖÁö¸¸ kinase³ª protein-protein interaction µîÀ» ¹æÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾î¼ IP³ª pull-down assay¿¡¼´Â Àß »ç¿ëµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
– RIPA buffer Á¶¼º (³óµµ´Â working ³óµµ)
- 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0)
- 150 mM NaCl
- 1% IGEPAL CA-630 or NP-40
- 0.5% sodium deoxycholate
- 0.1% SDS
- 1X Protease inhibitor cocktail
2. Loading, running, transfer, and blocking buffers
1) Sample loading buffer
ÀÌ bufferÀÇ Á¶¼ºÀº µü Á¤ÇØÁ® ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. Sample loading bufferÀÇ Á¶¼ºÀº ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¾çÇϸç lab¸¶´Ù Á¶±Ý¾¿ ´Ù¸£´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀÎ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ´Â buffer´Â ¸ðµÎ °øÅëÀûÀ¸·Î µé¾îÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±× ³óµµ¸¸ Á¶±Ý¾¿ ´Ù¸£´Ù. ÀÌ Sample buffer´Â sampling °úÁ¤¿¡¼ °¡ÇØÁö´Â °í¿ÂÀÇ ¿·ÎºÎÅÍ proteinÀ» º¸È£ÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó pHÀÇ º¯Èµµ ÃÖ¼ÒÈ ÇÏ´Â ¿ªÇÒÀ» ¼öÇàÇÑ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ, ¥â-mercaptoethanolÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀº ÀÌȲȰáÇÕ (disulfide bond)¸¦ ²÷¾î ÁÖ¾î ¸ðµç ´Ü¹éÁúÀ» linear formÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²Ù¾îÁØ´Ù. SDS ¿ªÇÒ ¿ª½Ã ´Ü¹éÁúÀÇ linear form¿¡ °ü¿©ÇÏ¸ç ´Ü¹éÁúÀÇ charge¸¦ netagive charge·Î ¹Ù²Ù¾î ÁÖ´Â ¿ªÇÒÀ» ¼öÇàÇÑ´Ù. GlycerolÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀº sampleÀÇ ¹Ðµµ¸¦ Áõ°¡½ÃÄÑ ¾Æ·¡·Î °¡¶ó¾É°Ô ¸¸µå´Â ¿ªÇÒÀ» ¼öÇàÇϸç ÀÌ¿Ü¿¡µµ ´Ü¹éÁú ¾ÈÁ¤È¿¡ ÀÛ¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
– Sample buffer Á¶¼º
- 250 mM TrisHCl (pH6.8) – ¿ÏÃæÈ¿°ú
- 10% SDS – ´Ü¹éÁúÀÇ negative charge, linear form À¯Áö
- 30% Glycerol – sampleÀÇ ¹ÐµµÁõ°¡, ´Ü¹éÁú ¾ÈÁ¤È
- 5% ¥â-mercapitalethanol (or 0.5M DTT) – Disulfide bond Á¦°Å, linear form¿¡ °ü¿©
- 0.02% bromophenol blue – Sample À§Ä¡ È®ÀÎ
2) SDS running buffer (Tris-Glysine)
SDS runnng buffer´Â Àü±â¿µµ¿°£¿¡ proteinÀ» linear formÀ¸·Î À¯Áö½ÃÄÑ sizeº°·Î ºÐ·ù½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ȯ°æÀ» Á¶¼ºÇØÁÖ´Â bufferÀÌ´Ù.
– 1X SDS running buffer Á¶¼º (º¸Åë 10X·Î ¸¸µé¾î º¸°ü)
- 25 mM Tris base
- 190 mM glycine
- 0.1% SDS
- Check the pH and adjust to 8.3
3) Transfer buffer (wet)
Transfer buffer´Â transfer Áß¿¡ membrane¿¡ proteinÀÌ Àß ÈíÂøµÇµµ·Ï ȯ°æÀ» Á¶¼ºÇØÁÖ´Â bufferÀÌ´Ù. MethanolÀ̳ª isopropanolÀ» ³Ö¾îÁÖ´Â ÀÌÀ¯´Â SDS¸¦ Á¦°ÅÇÏ¿© membrane¿¡ proteinÀÌ Àß ÈíÂøµÇ°Ô Çϱâ À§ÇÔÀÌ´Ù.
– 1X transfer buffer Á¶¼º (10X·Î ¸¸µé¾î º¸°ü, methanol or isopropanolÀº »ç¿ë Á÷Àü¿¡ ³Ö¾îÁÜ)
- 25 mM Tris base
- 190 mM glycine
- Adjust pH 8.3
- 10% methanol or isopropanol
4) Blocking buffer
MembraneÀÇ ºó °ø°£À» blockingÇÏ¿© non-specific bindingÀ» ÁÙ¿©ÁÖ´Â bufferÀÌ´Ù.
- 3–5% milk or BSA (bovine serum albumin)
- Dissolve in TBST buffer
3. Washing buffer
10x TBS buffer Á¶¼º (Tris-buffered saline)
º¸Åë 10X·Î ¸¸µé¾î º¸°üÇÑ´Ù (1X »ç¿ë½Ã D.W 900ml + 10X TBS 100 ml).
- 1500 mM NaCl
- 500 mM Tris-HCl
- Adjust pH 7.6
1X TBST buffer Á¶¼º (1L ±âÁØ)
- 10X TBS: 100ml
- Tween-20: 1ml
- Distilled water: 899ml
Membrane¿¡ antibody¸¦ ºÙÀÌ°í detectionÀ» ÇÑ µÚ ´Ù¸¥ antibody¸¦ ºÙÀÌ°í ½ÍÀ»¶§ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â bufferÀÌ´Ù. Membrane¿¡ ºÙÀº antibodyµéÀ» Á¦°ÅÇϴµ¥ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù. »ç¿ë ÈÄ¿¡´Â TBST·Î ÃæºÐÈ÷ wahsingÀ» ÇØ¾ß ´ÙÀ½ antibody°¡ ºÙ´Âµ¥ ÁöÀåÀÌ ¾ø´Ù.
Stripping buffer Á¶¼º (100ml ±âÁØ)
- 10% SDS: 20 mL
- 0.5 M Tris HCl (pH 6.8): 12.5 mL
- Distilled water: 67.5 mL
- Add 0.8 mL ¥â-mercaptoethanol under the fume hood
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